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martianrocker

 
martianrocker

Reggae Rock, with All styles of music represented

1 songs
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Picture for song 'Jasun Standards R Double'' by artist 'martianrocker'

Jasun Standards R Double'

Reggae Rock, About the double standards we deal with everyday. Visit and Support the Not-for-profit BOB Marley School Montego Bay, Jamaica
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the seventh largest: orbit: 227,940,000 km (1.52 AU) from Sun diameter: 6,794 km mass: 6.4219e23 kg Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars. Mars has been known since prehistoric times. Of course, it has been extensively studied with ground-based observatories. But even very large telescopes find Mars a difficult target, it's just too small. It is still a favorite of science fiction writers as the most favorable place in the Solar System (other than Earth!) for human habitation. But the famous "canals" "seen" by Lowell and others were, unfortunately, just as imaginary as Barsoomian princesses. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965. Several others followed including Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976. Ending a long 20 year hiatus, Mars Pathfinder landed successfully on Mars on 1997 July 4. In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars sending back geologic data and many pictures; they are still operating after more than a year on Mars. Three Mars orbiters (Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Express) are also currently in operation. Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of about 30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and perihelion. This has a major influence on Mars' climate. While the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F) on the day side during summer. Though Mars is much smaller than Earth, its surface area is about the same as the land surface area of Earth. Olympus Mons Mars has some of the most highly varied and interesting terrain of any of the terrestrial planets, some of it quite spectacular: Olympus Mons: the largest mountain in the Solar System rising 24 km (78,000 ft.) above the surrounding plain. Its base is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km (20,000 ft) high. Tharsis: a huge bulge on the Martian surface that is about 4000 km across and 10 km high. Valles Marineris: a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep (top of page); Hellas Planitia: an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter. Much of the Martian surface is very old and cratered, but there are also much younger rift valleys, ridges, hills and plains. (None of this is visible in any detail with a telescope, even the Hubble Space Telescope; all this information comes from the spacecraft that we've sent to Mars.) Southern Highlands The southern hemisphere of Mars is predominantly ancient cratered highlands somewhat similar to the Moon. In contrast, most of the northern hemisphere consists of plains which are much younger, lower in elevation and have a much more complex history. An abrupt elevation change of several kilometers seems to occur at the boundary. The reasons for this global dichotomy and abrupt boundary are unknown (some speculate that they are due to a very large impact shortly after Mars' accretion). Mars Global Surveyor has produced a nice 3D map of Mars that clearly shows these features. The interior of Mars is known only by inference from data about the surface and the bulk statistics of the planet. The most likely scenario is a dense core about 1700 km in radius, a molten rocky mantle somewhat denser than the Earth's and a thin crust. Data from Mars Global Surveyor indicates that Mars' crust is about 80 km thick in the southern hemisphere but only about 35 km thick in the north. Mars' relatively low density compared to the other terrestrial planets indicates that its core probably contains a relatively large fraction of sulfur in addition to iron (iron and iron sulfide). Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars appears to lack active plate tectonics at present; there is no evidence of recent horizontal motion of the surface such as the folded mountains so common on Earth. With no lateral plate motion, hot-spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface. This, along with the lower surface gravity, may account for the Tharis bulge and its enormous volcanoes. There is no evidence of current volcanic activity. However, data from Mars Global Surveyor indicates that Mars very likely did have tectonic activity sometime in the past. Valley Network There is very clear evidence of erosion in many places on Mars including large floods and small river systems. At some time in the past there was clearly some sort of fluid on the surface. Liquid water is the obvious fluid but other possibilities exist. There may have been large lakes or even oceans; the evidence for which was strenghtened by some very nice images of layered terrain taken by Mars Global Surveyor and the mineralology results from MER Opportunity. Most of these point to wet episodes that occurred only briefly and very long ago; the age of the erosion channels is estimated at about nearly 4 billion years. However, images from Mars Express released in early 2005 show what appears to be a frozen sea that was liquid very recently (maybe 5 million years ago). Confirmation of this interpretation would be a very big deal indeed! (Valles Marineris was NOT created by running water. It was formed by the stretching and cracking of the crust associated with the creation of the Tharsis bulge.) Early in its history, Mars was much more like Earth. As with Earth almost all of its carbon dioxide was used up to form carbonate rocks. But lacking the Earth's plate tectonics, Mars is unable to recycle any of this carbon dioxide back into its atmosphere and so cannot sustain a significant greenhouse effect. The surface of Mars is therefore much colder than the Earth would be at that distance from the Sun. Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed mostly of the tiny amount of remaining carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%) and traces of oxygen (0.15%) and water (0.03%). The average pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 millibars (less than 1% of Earth's), but it varies greatly with altitude from almost 9 millibars in the deepest basins to about 1 millibar at the top of Olympus Mons. But it is thick enough to support very strong winds and vast dust storms that on occasion engulf the entire planet for months. Mars' thin atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect but it is only enough to raise the surface temperature by 5 degrees (K); much less than what we see on Venus and Earth.
Band/artist history
Martian Rocker Has Comcast Cable TV show Fridays in N/W Chicagoland Area and Casting New "It takes a Martian" in Burband Studios Now. www.martianrocker.com
Have you performed in front of an audience?
Mars has two tiny satellites which orbit very close to the martian surface: Distance Radius Mass Satellite (000 km) (km) (kg) Discoverer Date --------- -------- ------ ------- ---------- ---- Phobos 9 11 1.08e16 Hall 1877 Deimos 23 6 1.80e15 Hall 1877 Mars' Satellites
Your musical influences
All the Great Ones
What equipment do you use?
ROLAND, FENDER, Gibson, Marlshall, JBL
Anything else?
Planet Mars, Mars Exploration and Mars Missions Mars Missions Current and Future Mars Missions This page is also available in a more structured format Evidence for Recent Sources of Liquid Water on Mars: Martian Gullies (MSSS) space.com report on Water on Mars APOD June 23, 2000 and June 26, 2000 Mars Water Project (LPL) Life on Mars: Nasa announced evidence; in the Mars Meteorites found on Earth! Mars Meteorite Compendium (JSC/Nasa) Launch Sequence of all historic Mars missions (and scheduled launch dates for future missions), with links to spacecraft images and webpages Mars Today: Current Appearance of and Weather on Mars Find Mars in the sky now (current finder chart) Mars Ephemeris by Jeff Beish, A.L.P.O. Mars Section Mars Basic Data (under construction) Mars Oppositions Mars 2003 - record opposition Mars 2005 Mars Physical Ephemeris for 2005 and 2006 (ALPO Mars Section) Mars 2007 The 2007 Aphelic Apparition of Mars, by Jeffrey D. Beish and Donald C. Parker, Mars Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (A.L.P.O.) Rik Hill's Observer's Mars page (Mars Section) at ALPO (LPL, University of Arizona) Mars map with nomenclature (ALPO, Mars Watch) The International MarsWatch 2007 - images MarsWatch 2005 - MarsWatch 2003 - MarsWatch 2001 - MarsWatch 1999 - MarsWatch 1996-7 - MarsWatch 1994-5 MarsWatch Home by Jim Bell Amateur images of Mars, including: Antonio Cidadao's Mars Observations (also check various links in Antonio's homepage) Jack Schmidling's Mars photos Bobby Middleton's Mars images (within his planetary image gallery) Hubble Space Telescope images of Mars Chandra CXO X-ray image of Mars - Nasa MSFC Photo Release 02-284 (Nov 8, 2002) The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery, by William Sheehan. Online book, University of Arizona Press. Mars Oppositions 1901-2035 Center for Mars Exploration (Nasa Ames; really cool stuff); Mars Landing Site list Nasa Exploring Mars - infos on future Mars exploration Ralph Aeschliman's new maps of Mars, made from USGS Viking and MOLA data Live from Mars (ARC/Nasa) Mars Mission Research Center (NCSU): Research for a Manned Mars Mission Martian Chronicle at JPL Case For Mars VI Conference 1996 Homepage The Mars Society Romance and Reality: Moon and Mars expedition and settlement plans Dead Link! Mission: Mars: Engineering toward a crewed Mars mission, articles (Bill H. Clark II) A Crewed Mission to Mars ... Scenario (NSSDC) Stanford International Manned Mars Mission (text in various formats). Also look at Illustrations for this project and other Mars related artwork, from the SEDS Space Art archive Mars Online Conference Volcanism on Mars (Volcano World) Terraforming Mars, informations by Christopher Burger Mars face: A nice landform on Mars. Marsface homepage at Malin Space Systems Percival Lowell's Original "Mars" book from 1895 Alfred R. Wallace' Is Mars Habitable? from 1907; a critical examination on Lowell's "Mars". From The Alfred Russel Wallace Page by Charles H. Smith Mars in Science Fiction Bibliography Shallow Sky's Mars FAQ and links - Mars Observer's FAQ Mars page of The Nine Planets multimedia tour of Bill Arnett JPL's Welcome to the Planets Mars page Mars info from the U.S. Goelogical Survey Exploring the Planets Mars page (NASM) Stardate Solar System Guide's Mars page ASU TES Solar System Tour Mars page; Planet MARS Internet Links Mars homepage and Factsheet (NSSDC) Photogallery of Mars (NSSDC) Mars Atlas home page Mars Exploration Program (JPL; includes mirror index) Mars System Query page, Nasa's Planetary Photojournal Mars edition of the ASP's "Universe in the Classroom" Newsletter for Teachers (No. 9) Mars Millennium Project - a National Arts, Sciences, Technology Education Initiative The Whole Mars Catalog (astrobiology.com) West to Mars: Journey through the possibilities. An appealing peace of art by Ken Fair of Mars West Collaborative Project Organization. Explore Mars page (LPI, JSC, Nasa) JSC's Lunar and Planetary Institute offers the following slide sets (and image galleries) on Mars. These are powerful educational tools, and can also be purchased as 35mm slide sets at low prices from LPI (look at their online educational resources and price information). The Red Planet, Mars Survey (including SNC meteorites); The Red Planet: A Survey of Mars - Second Edition (1997) Winds, Aeolian landforms on Mars Stones, Mars craters Mars Volcanoes Ancient Life on Mars ? Mars News and Mars Link Directory from Universe Today Mars Mission News (JPL; 1998) Mars image collection (SEDS ftp server); HTML interface Mars Missions Current and Future Mars Missions Launch Sequence of all historic Mars missions (and scheduled launch dates for future missions), with links to spacecraft images and webpages ON MARS - Exploration of the Red Planet 1958-1978 - NASA SP-4212 Edward Clinton Ezell & Linda Neuman Ezell - The NASA History Series - Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1984. NASA, W DC Mariner 4, first successful spacecraft to Mars in 1964: Mariner IV - First Flyby of Mars, some personal experiences. By Bill Momsen. Mariner 9, first Mars orbiter in 1971, mapped the whole planet: Mariner 9 image browser (Peter Masek) Viking 1 & 2 spacecraft: Most successful Orbiter-Lander pairs, lauched August/September 1975 and operated in Mars orbit and on Mars surface since mid-1976. Viking info, images and links at SEDS; Viking homepage at Nasa's NSSDC; Viking homepage at NASM; Viking 1 & 2 info at JPL; Viking Orbiter images at Malin Space Science Systems; Viking lander images (JPL); Viking lander images from NASM; Viking Lander images at Malin Space Science Systems Mars Observer spacecraft: Launched September 1992, this spacecraft got lost on Mars Orbit Insertion in August 1993. Images and information collected at SEDS; Images from its interplanetary cruise at Malin Space Science Systems Russian Mars 96 (previously Mars 94) was launched on November 16, 1996, but failed to leave Earth's orbit, and decayed shortly after liftoff. CNN story Mars Pathfinder (MPF) (previously named "MESUR" or "Pathfinder", after landing renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Station) and its rover Sojourner (previously Rocky IV, also MFEX rover): Successful little Mars lander, lauched December 1996, operated in summer 1997. MPF information, images and links from SEDS Mars Pathfinder homepage (JPL) Sojourner Rover homepage Japan's Nozomi (for Hope; former Planet B) Mars orbiter was successfully launched on July 4, 1998 with a M-V-3 rocket, and flew 2 Lunar swingbys on September 24 and on December 18, 1998, and one Earth swingby on December 20, 1998. It was scheduled to arrive at Mars on October 11, 1999, but due to a problem in its propulsion system, got "insufficient acceleration" in its Earth flyby and consequent course correction. A new orbit was calculated, and after two more Earth swingbys on December 20, 2002 and June 19, 2003 and a delay of more than four years, arrived in the neighborhood of Mars in December 2003 with a re-scheduled orbital insertion in January 2004. Unfortunately, a correction maneuver in December 2003 failed so that the mission had to be abandoned. It was to study Mars' upper atmosphere. Planet-B image [158k gif]; Nozomi information, images and links from SEDS Mars Climate Orbiter (previously named Mars Surveyor 1998 Orbiter): Launched December 1998, this spacecraft got lost on Mars Orbit Insertion. MCO information, images and links from SEDS Mars Climate Orbiter (NSSDC info) Mars Surveyor 1998 homepage (JPL) Mars Surveyor 98 page (Malin Space Science Systems) Mars Polar Lander (former Mars Surveyor 1998 Lander or Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS)): Launched January 1999, this spacecraft got lost during descent to Mars surface. MPL information, images, and links from SEDS Mars Surveyor 1998 Lander (NSSDC info) MPL homepage (JPL) Mars Surveyor 98 page (Malin Space Systems) Mars Polar Lander carried two small penetrators, Deep Space-2 (also got lost during descent): Deep Space 2 (New Millennium Project) NSSDC's Deep Space 2 info DS-2 homepage Current and Future Missions: Also look at the Launch Sequence of all historic Mars missions (and scheduled launch dates for future missions) Also note the older Mars Mission schedule which was redefined after the failures of Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander. Launched in 1996: Mars Global Surveyor Mars orbiter, launched from KSC, Cape Canaveral on November 7, 1996, 9 a.m. EST. Reached Mars and successfully entered Mars orbit on September 11, 1997; used aerobraking for achieving the low Mars orbit required for the intended orbital investigations of the Red Planet, which began in early 1998. Since, the spacecraft has undertaken a most successful mission to survey Mars from orbit, with instruments constructed for the lost Mars Observer, and is still providing numerous high-resolution images and valuable data of the Martian surface and atmosphere. Moreover, it has served as relay for the lander missions Mars Pathfinder, had been intended to supplement unlucky Mars 96, and has provided photographic support for the lander missions since, namely unlucky Mars Polar Lander in 1998-1999, and the successful Mars Exploration Rovers in 2003/2004. MGS information, images and links from SEDS MGS Homepage at JPL MGS images at JPL MGS homepage at Malin Space Science Systems Launched 2001: 2001 Mars Odyssee, Mars Surveyor 2001 orbiter was successfully launched on April 7, 2001 from Cape Canaveral with a Delta II rocket, arrived at Mars after an over 6 month interplanetary cruise, and was successfully inserted into Mars orbit on October 24, 2001 (see Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) information). The spacecraft has now entered the phase of aerobraking in order to lower its initial highly-excentric orbit. It is intended to test aerocapture techniques (down to 120 km above Martian surface !) for achieving its circular 400 km Polar orbit after periapsis lifts. If this goes well, it will conduct science from orbit, its primary science mission covering the time of January, 2002 through July, 2004. This Mars orbiter mission is to perform the research originally scheduled for the lost Mars Climate Orbiter (Mars Surveyor 1998 Orbiter), i.e., Mars wheather and climate. Scientific investigations will be including mineralogical mapping and radiation measurements, with its main instruments GRS (Gamma Ray Spectrometer) from Mars Observer, THEMIS (Thermal Emission Imaging System) which is developed under the direction of ASU, and MARIE (Mars Radiation Environment Experiment). The spacecraft is also to serve as communications relay for future Mars landers. 2001 Mars Odyssey informations, images and links from SEDS NSSDC info on the 2001 Mars Odyssee (Mars Surveyor 2001 Orbiter) 2001 Mars Odyssey (Mars Surveyor 2001) homepage at JPL Launched 2003: Mars Express (ESA). Launched on June 2, 2003 with a Russian Soyuz/Fregat rocket. Orbiter and lander "Beagle 2". After a journey of almost 6 months, the spacecraft came near Mars in December 2003, and succesfully released the Beagle 2 lander on December 19. The orbiter was successfully inserted into Martian orbit on December 25, 2003, shortly before the lander entered the Martian atmosphere and reached the Martian surface in Isidis Regio. While the orbiter mission is working successfully, unfortunately, the lander could not be contacted after landing despite intensive efforts for several weeks to establish communication or clear up the lander's state, and is believed and declared lost in late January 2004. The Mars Express orbiter started its scientific mission and is busily taking photographs and data from its orbit around Mars. Mars Express informations, images and links from SEDS Mars Express Homepage (ESA) Beagle 2 lander homepage (Open University) Mars Express info (NSSDC) Mars: Missions - Mars Express (JPL). Spirit, 2003 Mars Exploration Rover 2, MER-2, Mars Exploration Rover A, MER-A, Mars Surveyor 2003 Lander/Rover A: First of two Nasa sister spacecraft (the other is Mars Surveyor 2003 Lander/Rover 1 or B), successfully launched on June 10, 2003, with a Delta 2 (7425). After an interplanetary cruise of almost 6 months and 303 million km (189 million miles), the spacecraft arrived at Mars and successfully touched down on January 4, 2004, 4:35 UT (January 3, 9:35 p.m. MST) in Gusev crater. The softlanding was performed in direct approach and airbag-buffered, similar to the Mars Pathfinder of 1996. The rover is currently investigating the landing site region, and should last for at least 90 days. Its activities include the photographical study the landscape, and the investigation of samples samples from a 10 km range around the landing site, picked up with a sampling arm. 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, informations, images and links from SEDS - Spirit on Mars images 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers and Mars Rovers Homepage (JPL) Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) Spirit (Mars Exploration Rover A, MER-A) informations (NSSDC) 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers (JPL) Athena Rover homepage (Cornell University) Opportunity, 2003 Mars Exploration Rover 1, MER-1, Mars Exploration Rover B, MER-B, Mars Surveyor 2003 Lander/Rover B: Nasa successfully launched this second of two sister spacecraft (the other is Mars Exploration Rover (MER) 2 or A) on July 7, 2003, with a Delta 2 (7425). After an interplanetary cruise of more than 6 months, Opportunity reached Red Planet Mars, and a successful softlanding occurred on January 25, 2004, 5:05 UT (January 24, 10:05 p.m. MST) in the Meridiani Terra region. As for its sister craft, the landing was performed using an airbag system, similar to Mars Pathfinder of 1996. The rover has started to investigate the landing site region, and is scheduled to continue to do so for at least 90 days. Its activities should include the photographical study the landing site, and investigation of samples from a 10 km range around the landing site, picked up with a sampling arm. 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, informations, images and links from SEDS - Opportunity on Mars images 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers Homepage (JPL) Opportunity (Mars Exploration Rover B, MER-B) informations (NSSDC) Launched 2004: Rosetta: Once intended as ESA's Mars, Asteroid and Comet mission, and scheduled to be launched in January, 2003 by Ariane 5. To achieve its more distant targets, it was to take a gravity assist during Mars flyby on August 25, 2006. It would fly on and pass Earth twice and two asteroids each once, before it had reached Comet Wirtanen in August 2011, and finally landed on it one year later. Now, Rosetta was successfully launched on March 2, 2004, and deployed its solar panels soon after launch. After a first Earth gravity assist on March 4, 2005, fly by Mars on February 2, 2007 for gravity assist acceleration, followed by two further Earth gravity assist flybys in November 2007 and November 2009. It should reach Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in May 2014, start global mapping of that comet in August 2014 and deliver a landerm Philia, in November 2014. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will pass its perihelion in August 2015, Rosetta is intended to continue investigating the comet until December 2015. Rosetta homepage at ESOC/ESA Launched 2005: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Surveyor 2005 Orbiter (France). Successfully launched on August 12, 2005 by an Atlas V rocket. Arrive at Mars on March 10, 2006, successfully entered a highly excentric Mars orbit, now in aerobraking phase until about November 2006. To study Mars from orbit during its science mission from November 2006 to November 2008, perform high-resolution measurements including images with a resolution of 20 to 30 cm, and possibly serve as communications relay for later Mars landers until about February 2010. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter informations, images and links from SEDS Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter homepage (JPL) Solar System Exploration: Missions: Mars: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (JPL) Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) 2005 and Beyond (JPL) Launched 2007: Phoenix (NASA). An in-situ volatile and organic molecule survey (LPL/Univ of Arizona). Successfully launched on August 4, 2007, and to arrive at Mars on May 25, 2008. Phoenix informations, images and links from SEDS; UA Press Release, December 6, 2002; Phoenix homepage (LPL, University of Arizona); Phoenix info (JPL); Scout Mission Press Release (Nasa HQ PR 01-122, June 13, 2001); Nasa Press Release 02-238 of Dec 6, 2002; Solar System Exploration: Missions: Mars: Mars Scout (JPL); Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) Formerly proposed for launch in 2007: Mars 2007 Small Scout Missions (Nasa), tentatively scheduled for launch in December 2006, arrival at Mars February, 2009, science mission February to August, 2009. One or more of a series of small "scout" missions, including small landers, airplanes and balloons. Nasa Press Release 02-238 of Dec 6, 2002, Solar System Exploration: Missions: Mars: Mars Scout (JPL), Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC), 2005 and Beyond (JPL) The proposed missions selected for study are, besides the selected winner Phoenix: SCIM: Sample Collection for the Investigation of Mars (ASU). ASU Press Release, Dec 6, 2002 ARES: Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (Nasa/Langley). A plane for the investigation of Mars and its atmosphere. Nasa Langley Press Release 02-090 of Dec 6, 2002 Marvel: Mars Volcanic Emission and Life Scout (JPL/Nasa). JPL Press Release of December 6, 2002 Mars 2007 Remote Sensing Orbiter (CNES, French Space Agency), scheduled for launch in late 2007. Remote Sensing Orbiter. Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) Mars 2007 Communications Orbiter (ASI, Italian Space Agency), scheduled for launch in late 2007. Communications orbiter for Netlanders and future missions. Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) Mars 2007 Netlander (CNES, French Space Agency), formerly scheduled for launch with an Ariane 5 in late 2007, now postponed indefinitely. Network of 4 small landers to perform scientific measurements on the surface of Mars over one Martian year. Netlander homepage; Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC) To be launched 2009: Mars Science Laboratory, Mars Smart Lander, Mars 2009 Mobile Scientific Laboratory (Nasa), formerly scheduled for 2007. To be launched in December 2009, land on Mars in October 2010, and perform a 2-year science mission. Will include new technologies: A small long-range, long-duration rover, powered by a small nuclear reactor, equipped to perform many scientific studies of Mars, and to demonstrate the technology for accurate landing and hazard avoidance in order to travel to difficult-to-reach sites. 2009 Mars Science Laboratory information, images and links from SEDS; Smart Lander page (JPL), Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC), 2005 and Beyond (JPL) Phobos-Grunt (Russia), scheduled for launch in late 2009. Scheduled sample return mission to Martian moon Phobos. Beagle 2: Evolution (ESA), scheduled for launch in late 2009. Mars Lander. To be launched 2011: Mars Scout 2 (Nasa). A mission succeeding and extending the 2007 Mars Scout, Phoenix; details to be defined. Solar System Exploration: Missions: Mars: Scout 2 (JPL), Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC), 2005 and Beyond (JPL) Exo Mars (ESA). To be launched in 2011; formerly scheduled for 2009. Will include an orbiter and a descent module that will land a highly mobile rover, weighing up to 200 kilogrammes, on the surface of Mars. To be launched 2014: Mars 2014, Mars Sample Return Lander (Nasa, France, Italy, international?; former Mars 2011), under study for launch in early 2014. Possible first sample return mission. To arrive at Mars in late 2014, launch from Mars early 2015, and return to Earth in late 2016. Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC), 2005 and Beyond (JPL) To be launched 2016: Mars 2016 (Nasa, international?; under study). Possibly another sample return mission, or orbiters, landers, rovers. Mars 2003 and 2005 page (NSSDC), 2005 and Beyond (JPL) Note: Some missions are still in the early planning stage. For the time after 2016, a continuation of the research missions is planned. Detailed plans are still to be worked out, and should utilize the newly acquired knowledge of the current and scheduled Mars missions. Nasa officials have expressed their intention that these efforts should eventually be leading to a Mars mission with a human crew to be launched in 2018 (and to arrive at Mars in 2019), and to begin an era of permanent human presence on our neighbor planet. Moreover, this date is continuously under discussion with the aim to do the mission sooner (The earliest (now outdated) proposition was a crewed mission as early as 2007, while CNN has reported plans for a crewed mission in 2012 !) The new vision presented by the President of the United States in January, 2004 proposes a crewed Mars mission following the establishment of a permanantly crewed Moon base which should be built between 2015 and 2020, after completing the assembly of the International Space Station and the development of a new space transportation system in about 2010. In the scenario of this plan, a crewed Mars mission could occur in or after the year 2019. A Crewed Mission to Mars ... Scenario (NSSDC), after NASA Special Publication #6107
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